|
Dimensione: 6115
Commento:
|
Dimensione: 2708
Commento: Importato il documento originale
|
| Le cancellazioni sono segnalate in questo modo. | Le aggiunte sono segnalate in questo modo. |
| Linea 1: | Linea 1: |
| {{{ Traduzione in corso ... }}} |
= Repositories = |
| Linea 4: | Linea 3: |
| In the Free and Open Source Software world, programs are generally available in source code tarballs. These are convenient for a developer who intends to study and/or improve that software program, but they are cumbersome when you want a program that Just Works. | |
| Linea 5: | Linea 5: |
| = How to add repositories to your sources.list = | If you have been a Windows and/or a Mac OS user to date, you are probably used to searching for a program on the internet (often offered in an executable installer) and having to download and install it. You're probably familiar with software distributed on CDs, DVDs, etc. which often have an autorun feature from where you can then install them. For free and open systems like Ubuntu GNU/Linux there is some software distributed in this fashion, but those are mostly proprietary and closed programs. |
| Linea 7: | Linea 14: |
| attachment:IconsPage/IconHelp.png | Enter the world of distribution and package repositories! |
| Linea 9: | Linea 16: |
| This page will discuss how to add other [:Repositories: repositories] to your {{{/etc/apt/sources.list}}}. It will also show how to uncomment {{{universe}}}. | On systems like Ubuntu, free and open source software is very much often pre-packaged in nice .deb (or .rpm, like in Red Hat) files which contain the programs and libraries you need. These files can be downloaded or come in CDs (Ubuntu's CD is full of them) and installed "by hand". But you need not do it. Repositories are servers which contain sets of packages. You generally access them with tools like [:SynapticHowto:Synaptic]. |
| Linea 11: | Linea 22: |
| == Index == | These tools can list all the packages you have installed (from your kernel to your favorite application with all the libraries in between) and the packages that are available in the repositories you have configured the tool to have access to. They also let you search for simple things like "image editor". |
| Linea 13: | Linea 28: |
| * Uncommenting Universe * Using Synaptic * Using Terminal * Adding outside repositories * Adding outside repositories using Synaptic * Adding outside repositories using a Terminal |
Using these tools centralizes package management while simplifying it and giving the distributors (those who set up the repositories) a centralized way to send you updates(1) to your software. |
| Linea 20: | Linea 32: |
| == Uncommenting Universe == | In Ubuntu you generally want to have at least Ubuntu's repositories (which may include the install CD) but it is not uncommon to have other repositories (from other packagers) set up. |
| Linea 22: | Linea 36: |
| === Using Synaptic === | Please see AddingRepositoriesHowto for how to set up repositories. |
| Linea 24: | Linea 38: |
| To uncomment the {{{universe}}} repository, follow these instructions. | Now, let us just stress this simple idea: most of the tools you'll want to use in Ubuntu are already in Ubuntu's repositories. You can go search the internet for packages, or even source code, for others, but these will be more difficult to install and won't, most of the time, integrate well with your system. |
| Linea 26: | Linea 44: |
| On Hoary: Start {{{Synaptic Package Manager}}} from the {{{System}}} , {{{Administration}}} menu. |
So now you know: no more endless searching looking for spyware infested shareware and freeware. The vast majority of useful software available for Linux is pre-packaged for you. |
| Linea 29: | Linea 46: |
| attachment:hoarysynaptic.jpg On Warty: Start {{{Synaptic Package Manager}}} from the {{{Computer}}} , {{{System Configuration}}} menu attachment:PicSelectSynapticFromtheMenu.png In Synaptic, choose the {{{Repositories}}} item in the {{{Settings}}} menu attachment:PicOpentheRepositoriesDialog.png A list of repositories is shown. Click the {{{Settings}}} button at the bottom and tick {{{Show disabled software sources}}}. Then click the {{{Close}}} button. attachment:showdisabled.jpg You should now see checkboxes next to the repositories. Scroll down and enable the Universe repository by ticking the checkbox next to {{{Community Maintained (Universe)}}}. Click {{{OK}}} to save your settings. You may also want to enable Multiverse and the Universe Security updates repositories. attachment:enableuniverse.jpg Save the changes and close the window by clicking {{{OK}}}. Update the list of available packages with {{{Reload}}} in the main window. attachment:PicApplyTheseSettings.png Once the package list has been updated, packages from universe can be installed. -------------- Using Terminal -------------- Alternatively, use a terminal and command line tools to enable universe. Start {{{Terminal}}} from {{{Applications}}}, {{{System Tools}}} in the menubar. Type the following command: {{{ bash:~$ sudo nano -w /etc/apt/sources.list }}} The texteditor {{{nano}}} starts and opens the configuration file for repositories. Remove the comment "{{{#}}}" marks from the start of lines that look like this: {{{ #deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu hoary universe #deb-src ftp://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu hoary universe }}} then add the word {{{multiverse}}} making them look like this: {{{ deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu hoary universe multiverse deb-src ftp://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu hoary universe multiverse }}} Afterwards, update the package list with the following command: {{{ bash:~$ sudo apt-get update }}} == Adding outside repositories == Sometimes other users will make repositories for packages they have made. It is real easy to add these repositories to the system package manager. attachment:IconsPage/IconNote.png '''Note:''' BE CAREFUL doing this, some outside packages could break your Ubuntu installation. For a list of outside repositories see BreakMyUbuntu. === Adding outside repositories using Synaptic === As shown in the Using Synaptic screenshot above, start {{{Synaptic Package Manager}}} from the {{{Computer}}} menu, {{{System Configuration}}} item. Once Synaptic has launched, choose the {{{Settings}}} menu, [Repositories] item. You now see a window with a list of repositories. Push the button {{{New}}} to add a repository. Type in the information about the repositories in the dropdown menu and three textfields according to the following examples. Normally you find websites providing information about a repository in a form like the following example: {{{ deb http://www.grawert.net/ubuntu/ warty universe }}} This line provides the information for the Synaptic fields. * {{{deb}}} means it is a binary, so use the drop-down list to choose binary. Normally this is the default setting. * {{{http://www.grawert.net/ubuntu/}}} is the URI (Uniform Resource Identifier), which means in this case the location. * {{{warty}}} is the release name. * {{{universe}}} is the section name. Sometimes the repository line has less information though, as shown in the next example. {{{ deb http://www.getsweaaa.com/~tseng/ubuntu/debs ./ }}} The first two fields (deb and URI) are clearly similar to the first example above. However, the release-name is "./" so just put this (without the quotes) in the release field of Synaptic. It looks weird, but simply specifies the release as being whatever is in the directory given by the URI. Furthermore, there is no {{{section}}} information so just leave that text field blnk in your Synaptic entry. attachment:IconsPage/IconNote.png '''Note:''' Only the {{{section}}} information is optional, and then only with respect to the repository-maintainer. If there is section information, it must be specifed in Synaptic. It cannot be left blank. attachment:IconsPage/IconNote.png '''Note:''' If you make a mistake with the syntax in the fields you will get an error when you click the OK button in Synaptic. One cause is putting a trailing slash at the end of the URI. Also beware of leaving whitespaces at the beginning/end of the fields. Save the changes and close the window by pushing on {{{OK}}}. Update the list of avaible packages with {{{Reload}}} in the main window. After downloading the packages list from the repositories you can install packages from universe. === Adding outside repositories using the Terminal === Alternatively, use a terminal and command line tools to enable other repositories. Start {{{Terminal}}} from {{{Applications}}}, {{{System Tools}}} in the menubar. Type in the command line: This example uses tseng's repository. {{{ bash:~$ echo deb http://www.getsweaaa.com/~tseng/ubuntu/debs ./ | sudo tee -a /etc/apt/sources.list }}} You would just substitute the {{{deb http://www.getsweaaa.com/~tseng/ubuntu/debs ./}}} with any other outside repositories name. |
(1) You can use tools like the update-notifier in Ubuntu to be notified when such updates are made available. ---- CategoryInTraduzione |
Repositories
In the Free and Open Source Software world, programs are generally available in source code tarballs. These are convenient for a developer who intends to study and/or improve that software program, but they are cumbersome when you want a program that Just Works.
If you have been a Windows and/or a Mac OS user to date, you are probably used to searching for a program on the internet (often offered in an executable installer) and having to download and install it. You're probably familiar with software distributed on CDs, DVDs, etc. which often have an autorun feature from where you can then install them. For free and open systems like Ubuntu GNU/Linux there is some software distributed in this fashion, but those are mostly proprietary and closed programs.
Enter the world of distribution and package repositories!
On systems like Ubuntu, free and open source software is very much often pre-packaged in nice .deb (or .rpm, like in Red Hat) files which contain the programs and libraries you need. These files can be downloaded or come in CDs (Ubuntu's CD is full of them) and installed "by hand". But you need not do it. Repositories are servers which contain sets of packages. You generally access them with tools like [:SynapticHowto:Synaptic].
These tools can list all the packages you have installed (from your kernel to your favorite application with all the libraries in between) and the packages that are available in the repositories you have configured the tool to have access to. They also let you search for simple things like "image editor".
Using these tools centralizes package management while simplifying it and giving the distributors (those who set up the repositories) a centralized way to send you updates(1) to your software.
In Ubuntu you generally want to have at least Ubuntu's repositories (which may include the install CD) but it is not uncommon to have other repositories (from other packagers) set up.
Please see AddingRepositoriesHowto for how to set up repositories.
Now, let us just stress this simple idea: most of the tools you'll want to use in Ubuntu are already in Ubuntu's repositories. You can go search the internet for packages, or even source code, for others, but these will be more difficult to install and won't, most of the time, integrate well with your system.
So now you know: no more endless searching looking for spyware infested shareware and freeware. The vast majority of useful software available for Linux is pre-packaged for you.
(1) You can use tools like the update-notifier in Ubuntu to be notified when such updates are made available.
